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latest posts

~/networking/how-tcp-really-works.md

$ cat how-tcp-really-works.md

How TCP Really Works

How TCP Really Works

networking 2 min read

Most developers know TCP is 'reliable' — but what does that actually mean under the hood? Sequence numbers, SYN floods,…

~/systems-design/designing-a-rate-limiter.md

$ cat designing-a-rate-limiter.md

Designing a Rate Limiter from Scratch

Designing a Rate Limiter from Scratch

systems design 1 min read

Token bucket, sliding window, fixed window — every algorithm explained with trade-offs. Plus how Redis makes…

~/databases/b-tree-vs-lsm-tree.md

$ cat b-tree-vs-lsm-tree.md

B-Tree vs LSM-Tree: The Index Trade-off

databases 7 min read

PostgreSQL uses B-Trees. Cassandra and RocksDB use LSM-Trees. Why? The answer comes down to whether your workload is…

~/devops/dockerfile-best-practices.md

$ cat dockerfile-best-practices.md

Dockerfile Best Practices You're Probably Ignoring

devops 5 min read

Layer caching, multi-stage builds, non-root users, .dockerignore — the habits that separate production-ready images…

~/systems-design/consistent-hashing-explained.md

$ cat consistent-hashing-explained.md

Consistent Hashing, Explained Visually

systems design 7 min read

When you add or remove a node from a cluster, consistent hashing ensures only K/n keys need to move — not all of them.…

~/databases/sql-query-optimisation-basics.md

$ cat sql-query-optimisation-basics.md

SQL Query Optimisation: The Basics That Actually Matter

databases 6 min read

EXPLAIN ANALYZE, index selectivity, avoiding full-table scans, the N+1 problem — the practical optimisation moves that…

~/backend/go-vs-rust-for-backend-services.md

$ cat go-vs-rust-for-backend-services.md

Go vs Rust for Backend Services

backend 9 min read

Not a language war — a practical comparison. When does Rust's safety pay for its complexity, and when does Go's…

~/security/jwt-security-pitfalls.md

$ cat jwt-security-pitfalls.md

JWT Security Pitfalls Everyone Falls Into

security 7 min read

The 'alg: none' attack, algorithm confusion, storing JWTs in localStorage — the implementation mistakes that turn a…

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JWT Security Pitfalls Everyone Falls Into